Language Matters: Creating Inclusive Language

Sticks and stones will break your bones, but words will never hurt you. As a child, this was the most egregious lie I was ever told.

Language matters. It is an integral part of who we are, how we’re seen by the world and how we relate to those around us. The words we choose and the way we use them characterize our identity, manifest our belief system and join us or disconnect us from others.

Creating inclusive language in the corporate world begins with how we understand inclusivity in society as a whole. For instance, when providing sensitivity or anti-discrimination training, employers remind us to be aware of those around us and to not do anything that denigrates others; however, this assumes we understand what others consider denigrating. While we know that intentional language is unacceptable (e.g., calling someone a name, racial/homophobic slurs, threats of violence), less overt language is more difficult to pinpoint or regulate. As a cisnormative woman, my use and understanding of language is very different from that of my transgender son.

For my son, who was assigned female at birth, being told by the teacher to form two lines – one for girls and one for boys – opens him up to bullying by those who are confused by his presentation or those who knew him when he presented as a girl. When I hear the boys in his class taunt each other with “you run like a girl,” I wonder if my son feels he’ll be outed to those who know him only as a boy, or if he’ll feel critiqued, that somehow he’ll never be seen as his authentic self.

One of the nuances in creating an inclusive environment is understanding how unintentional language is a systemic problem. Words should be gender neutral and free of stereotypes. Their delivery and intent should be devoid of coded meaning. Sometimes this is simple; oftentimes it is not.

We have all seen improvements to language over the years. If you are a Trekkie, you’ll recall that Star Trek changed their famous “where no man has gone before” to “where no one has gone before” in 1991. Recently, MTV changed their awards categories of “Best Actor” or “Best Actress” to just “Best Actor.” And even more recently, the Associated Press and Washington Post agree that “they” is an acceptable singular pronoun to include gender non-binary individuals.

When we picture discrimination in the workplace, we are prone to picture more overt acts (especially as those are the examples we’re provided in training). According to Newsweek, almost every transgender employee in the U.S. has experienced some form of harassment or mistreatment at their job: of the 90% of transgender workers who faced discrimination at work, about 25% were forced to use restrooms that did not match their gender identity, were told to dress, act and present as a different gender from their own to keep their job or had a boss or coworker share private information about their transgender status without their permission. But what about the other 65% (90% minus 25%)? Discrimination can be as simple as being misgendered or overhearing an inappropriate joke between colleagues. It can be as invasive as being asked about one’s health status (did you have surgery yet?).It can be as subtle as not being invited to lunch with your peers or not being called upon in team meetings. Or it can be as devastating as not getting a well-earned promotion or being told you’re not a good fit for the company.

How a company uses language sets the tone for its employees. While harassment and discrimination policies can solidify rules on how we treat employees and colleagues, our use of language is more difficult to regulate. Unconscious bias, stereotypes, misinformation and long-standing habits all feed into how we use language poorly. For my son and many others in the transgender community, reductive language is the worst offense. For example, the term “transgenderism” is considered problematic because it’s used by anti-trans activists to dehumanize trans people and reduce them to a condition. Or, more commonly, the term “transgender” is misused as a noun instead of an adjective: Instead of saying “the transgenders,” which is reductive, it is preferable to say, “the transgender people.”

The Golden Rule (treat others as you would have them treat you) is no longer the best approach; what if how you want to be treated is not how they want to be treated? The newer Platinum Rule (treat others as they would want to be treated) requires us to learn about and celebrate our differences, not just tolerate or acknowledge them; use the language we are asked to use (the correct name and pronouns); and own our mistakes (apologize if you accidentally misgender someone).

As a writer, editor and professor, I have learned many words; as a trans-advocate, I have watched language evolve and improve in its inclusivity. But as the mother of a transgender boy, the best words I’ve ever heard said to my son were, “You are perfect the way you are.” While words can hurt, they can also redefine us and, for many, make us whole.

Glossary:

Cisnormative: Pertaining to cisnormativity, which is the assumption that all human beings are cisgender, i.e., have a gender identity that matches the sex they were assigned at birth.

Misgender: To refer to someone by the wrong gender pronouns.

Non-binary: Neither masculine nor feminine. Gender non-binary individuals exist on the spectrum of gender identity, and often use gender neutral pronouns.

Transgender (trans): Denoting or relating to a person whose sense of personal identity and gender does not correspond with the sex they were assigned at birth.

Posted by: Verónica Capotte

Source: https://insights.conduent.com/conduent-blog/language-matters-creating-inclusive-language

Nise da Silveira recognized Brazilian psychiatrist

Nise da Silveira recognized Brazilian psychiatrist

Nise da Silveira (Maceio, February 15, 1905 - Rio de Janeiro, October 30, 1999) was a renowned Brazilian psychiatrist, a student of Carl Jung. He dedicated his life to psychiatry and was radically opposed to the aggressive forms of treatment of his time, such as confinement in psychiatric hospitals, electroshock, insulin therapy and lobotomy.

Training:

Her basic training takes place in a school of nuns of the moment, exclusively for girls, the School of the Blessed Sacrament, located in Maceió, AL. His father was a journalist and director of "Jornal de Alagoas". From 1921 to 1926 he attended the Bahia School of Medicine, where he graduated as the only woman among the 157 men of this class. She is one of the first women in Brazil to graduate in medicine. He married at this time with the health worker Mário Magalhães da Silveira, his classmate at the university, with whom he lived until his death in 1986. In his work he shows the relationship between poverty, inequality, promoting health and preventing disease in Brazil. In 1927, after the death of his father, both move in Rio de Janeiro, where he participated in the artistic and literary life. In 1933 he arrives at the Antonio Austregésilo neurological clinics. Approved at the age of 27 in a contest, he began to work in the assistance services of psychopaths and in mental prophylaxis of the Red Beach Hospital.

Prison:

During the communist conspiracy was denounced by a nurse of possession of Marxist books. The complaint led to his arrest in 1936 in the prison of the Friar's Cup for 18 months.

In this prison, Graciliano Ramos was also arrested, for which he became one of the characters in his book Memories of Prison.

From 1936 to 1944 with her husband she remains semi-secret, far from public service for political reasons. During his retirement he makes a profoundly reflective reading of Spinoza's works, from which the material published in his book Cartas a Spinoza in 1995 comes out.

Engenho de Dentro Psychiatric Center:

In 1944 he returned to public service and began his work in "The Pedro II National Psychiatric Center", and in the Engenho de Dentro Psychiatric Center, in Rio de Janeiro, where he resumed his combat techniques with what he considered to be aggressive psychiatric patients.

Because of her disagreement with the methods adopted in the halls, refusing to apply electric shocks to patients, Nise da Silveira is transferred to practice in occupational therapy, an activity that is overlooked by doctors. So in 1946 he founded this institution "Occupational Therapy Section".

Instead of the traditional cleaning and maintenance tasks that patients exercised under the title of occupational therapy, painting and modeling workshops are created with the intention of allowing patients to resume their links with reality through symbolic expression and creativity, revolutionizing the psychiatry practiced in the country.

The Museum of Images of the Unconscious:

The biography of Van Gogh is an important reference for scholars interested in understanding the therapeutic possibilities of creative work in the face of emotional disorders.

In 1952, he founded the Museum of Images of the Unconscious, in Rio de Janeiro, a center of study and research for the conservation of the works produced in the studies of modeling and painting that established the institution, considering that they are documents that open new possibilities for a deeper understanding of the universe within schizophrenia.

Among the patient artists, whose works are included in the collection of this institution, we can mention: Adelina Gómez, Carlos Pertuis, Emigdio de Barros, Octavio Ignacio.

This valuable collection boosted the writing of his book "Images of the Unconscious", films and exhibitions, participating in important exhibitions such as "Show Brazil 500 years".

Between 1983 and 1985, filmmaker León Hirszman directed the film "Images of the Unconscious", a trilogy that shows works made by the inmates with a script created by Nise da Silveira

House of the Palms:

A few years after the founding of the museum in 1956, Nise developed another revolutionary project for his time: he created Casa de las Palmeras, a clinic dedicated to the rehabilitation of former psychiatric patients.

This site can express their creativity every day, being treated as outpatients in a stage of transition between the routine of the hospital and its reintegration to life in society.

She was a pioneer in the study of emotional relationships between patients and animals that she uses and calls co-therapists.

He realized this possibility of treatment by seeing how a patient to whom he had delegated the care of an abandoned dog in the hospital had improved his responsibility by dealing with this animal as a stable reference point in his vital emotional well-being.

Part of this process is exposed in his book "Cats, dealing with emotion", published in 1998.

Pioneer of Jung's psychology in Brazil:

Throughout her work, Nise da Silveira presented and published Jung's psychology in Brazil.

Interested in the study of mandalas, a recurring theme in the paintings of his patients, he wrote in 1954 to Carl Gustav Jung, from which emerged a fruitful exchange of correspondence.

Jung encouraged her to present an exhibition of the works of her patients that received the name "Art and Schizophrenia", which occupied five rooms in the "II International Congress of Psychiatry", held in 1957 in Zurich. When visiting the exhibition with her, she led her to study mythology as a key to understand the works created by the inmates.

Nise da Silveira attended him "Carl Gustav Jung Institute" in two periods: from 1957 to 1958, and from 1961 to 1962. There he received supervision in psychoanalysis from Jung's assistant, Marie-Louise von Franz.

Returning to Brazil after his first period of studies at Jung, he formed the "Carl Jung Study Group" at his residence, which he presided over until 1968.

He wrote, among others, the book "Jung: Life and Work", published in the first edition in 1968.

Date: 06/02/2011

Author: Hortensia Hernandez

Source: http://www.heroinas.net/2011/08/nise-da-silveira.html

Alumnas: Melissa Alcarraz, Tatiana Pérez

Blast from the past

Uruguay's Nostalgia Night is a national excuse for a huge party

Keen on Kim Wilde? Ready for some REO Speedwagon? Or would you rather stretch your limbs to a high-volume rendition of YMCA?

If your answer is "all of the above" then think about grabbing a piece of Uruguay's unique Nostalgia Night celebrations.

The roots of Nostalgia Night go back to the late 1970s. A disco in town looking for an original wheeze to attract custom on the night before Uruguay's Independence Day holiday decided to play nothing but oldies (in this context, music from the fifties and sixties). At the time, Uruguay was living through the dark days of dictatorship. Legend has it that the disco was packed out.

Since then Nostalgia Night has become a massive popular and commercial success. Every 24 August local radio stations – whose output year-round is dominated by hits from the 1980s as it is – ensure that every tune they play is at least twenty years old. Function rooms throughout the country prepare elaborate parties. Fancy dress is de rigueur: think John Travolta's white dancing suit, think big hair, think leg warmers.

This is the biggest night out in the year by some distance and a godsend for stressed parents and older folks. "Middle-aged Uruguayans don't have so many possibilities to hit the dance floor and let their hair down," says Montevideo translator Jorge Meyerheim. "It's basically just weddings and fiestas de quince (the Latin tradition of offering a party to girls when they turn fifteen). So it's not difficult to understand why they grab the chance to have fun on the night before a public holiday when everyone is off work."

Local websites list the entertainment on offer this year. Neighbourhood parties in working-class boliches (dance halls) charge as little as US$5 a head for a ticket. One or two make "good security" a prominent feature of their offer – a sign of the times perhaps. But others are more elaborate affairs (full barbecue! imported whisky!) with unlimited food and drink and, of course, live music – often a Beatles tribute band. For these, expect to pay US$180 and more per couple.

At the beginning of this new decade, the Cantegril Country Club in Punta del Este is daring to promise "the best tracks from the 1990s". But they are in a minority – for now.

Are Uruguayans more prone to nostalgia than other Latin Americans? After all, Brazil has no equivalent celebration, nor has Argentina. Perhaps the experience of young people growing up in the 1970s and 1980s has something to do with it. Unusually, this was a generation with less optimism than that of their parents. For the latter the relative prosperity and wellbeing of the 1950s (the tail-end of the mythical "Switzerland of South America" period) amounted to a golden age. Meanwhile, shanty towns were mushrooming on the fringes of Montevideo. The middle classes had to ditch their trips abroad. Were those youngsters encouraged by their parents – nurtured, even – to look back? Economically, of course, today's Uruguay is on a roll. But is nostalgia an old habit that's hard to kick?

It's something to ponder as you walk home from your party in the chilly dawn of 25 August with Smoke On The Water ringing in your ears.

http://www.uruguaynow.com/nostalgia_night.php

Mauro Basignani 

Alejandra Peralta 

Ray Bradbury Biography

Poet, Author (1920–2012)

Ray Bradbury was an American fantasy and horror author who rejected being categorized as a science fiction author, claiming that his work was based on the fantastical and unreal. His best known novel is Fahrenheit 451, a dystopian study of future American society in which critical thought is outlawed. He is also remembered for several other popular works, including The Martian Chronicles andSomething Wicked This Way Comes. Bradbury won the Pulitzer in 2004, and is one of the most celebrated authors of the 21st century. He died in Los Angeles on June 5, 2012, at the age of 91.

Early Life

Author Ray Douglas Bradbury was born on August 22, 1920, in Waukegan, Illinois, to Leonard Spaulding Bradbury, a lineman for power and telephone utilities, and Ester Moberg Bradbury, a Swedish immigrant. Bradbury enjoyed a relatively idyllic childhood in Waukegan, which he later incorporated into several semi-autobiographical novels and short stories. As a child, he was a huge fan of magicians, and a voracious reader of adventure and fantasy fiction — especially L. Frank Baum, Jules Verne and Edgar Rice Burroughs.

Bradbury decided to become a writer at about age 12 or 13. He later said that he made the decision in hopes of emulating his heroes, and to "live forever" through his fiction.

Bradbury's family moved to Los Angeles, California in 1934. As a teenager, he participated in his school's drama club and occasionally befriended Hollywood celebrities. His first official pay as a writer came for contributing a joke to George Burns' Burns & Allen Show. After graduation from high school in 1938, Bradbury couldn't afford to go to college, so he went to the local library instead. "Libraries raised me," he later said. "I believe in libraries because most students don't have any money. When I graduated from high school, it was during the Depression, and we had no money. I couldn't go to college, so I went to the library three days a week for 10 years."

Literary Works and Honors

To support himself while he wrote, Bradbury sold newspapers. He published his first short story in a fan magazine in 1938, the same year he graduated from high school. The next year, he published four issues of his own fan magazine, Futuria Fantasia. Nearly every piece in the magazine was written by Bradbury himself; he used a variety of pseudonyms to try to hide the fact that the magazine was a virtual one-man show. "I was still years away from writing my first good short story," he later said, "but I could see my future. I knew where I wanted to go."

Bradbury sold his first professional piece, the story "Pendulum," in November 1941, just a month before the United States entered World War II, following the Japanese attack on Pearl Harbor. Ruled ineligible for military service by his local draft board because of his vision problems, Bradbury became a full-time writer by early 1943. His first collection of short stories, Dark Carnival, was published in 1947.

That same year, he married Marguerite "Maggie" McClure, whom he met while she was working as a clerk at a bookstore. McClure was the breadwinner in the early days of their marriage, supporting Bradbury as he worked on his writing for little to no pay. The couple had four daughters, Susan (1949), Ramona (1951), Bettina (1955) and Alexandra (1958).

In 1950, Bradbury published his first major work, The Martian Chronicles, which detailed the conflict between humans colonizing the red planet and the native Martians they encountered there. While taken by many to be a work of science fiction, Bradbury himself considered it to be fantasy. "I don't write science fiction," he said. "Science fiction is a depiction of the real. Fantasy is a depiction of the unreal. So Martian Chronicles is not science fiction, it's fantasy. It couldn't happen, you see?" Television and comic book adaptations of Bradbury's short stories began to appear in 1951, introducing him to a wider audience.

Bradbury's best-known work, Fahrenheit 451, published in 1953, became an instant classic in the era of McCarthyism for its exploration of themes of censorship and conformity. In 2007 Bradbury himself disputed that censorship was the main theme of Fahrenheit 451, instead explaining the book as a story about how television drives away interest in reading: "Television gives you the dates of Napoleon, but not who he was."

Despite his apparent distaste for television, Bradbury advocated for film adaptations of his work. He wrote numerous screenplays and treatments, including a 1956 take on Moby Dick. In 1986, Bradbury developed his own HBO television series, allowing him to produce adaptations of his short stories. The series ran until 1992.

Famously prolific, Bradbury wrote for several hours every day throughout his entire life, allowing him to publish more than 30 books, close to 600 short stories, and numerous poems, essays, screenplays and plays.

Though Bradbury won many honors and awards throughout his life, his favorite was perhaps being named "ideas consultant" for the United States Pavilion at the 1964 World's Fair. "Can you imagine how excited I was?" he later said about the honor. "'Cause I'm changing lives, and that's the thing. If you can build a good museum, if you can make a good film, if you can build a good world's fair, if you can build a good mall, you're changing the future. You're influencing people, so that they'll get up in the morning and say, 'Hey, it's worthwhile going to work.' That's my function, and it should be the function of every science fiction writer around. To offer hope. To name the problem and then offer the solution. And I do, all the time."

Christmas Story. From The Martian Chronicles 

Tomorrow would be Christmas, and even while the three of them rode to the rocket port the mother and father were worried. It was the boy’s first flight into space, his very first time in a rocket, and they wanted everything to be perfect. So when, at the customs table, they were forced to leave behind his gift, which exceeded the weight limit by no more than a few ounces, and the little tree with the lovely white candles, they felt themselves deprived of the season and their love.

The boy was waiting for them in the terminal room. Walking toward him, after their unsuccessful clash with the Inter-planetary officials, the mother and father whispered to each other.

“What shall we do?”

“Nothing, nothing. What can we do?”

“Silly rules!”

“And he so wanted the tree!”

The siren gave a great howl and people pressed forward into the Mars Rocket. The mother and father walked at the very last, their small pale son between them, silent.

“I’ll think of something,” said the father.

“What…?” asked the boy.

And the rocket took off and they were flung headlong into dark space.

The rocket moved and left fire behind and left Earth behind on which the date was December 24, 2052, heading out into a place where there was no time at all, no month, no year, no hour. They slept away the rest of the first “day.” Near midnight, by their Earth-time New York watches, the boy awoke and said, “I want to go look out the porthole.”

There was only one port, a “window” of immensely thick glass of some size, up on the next deck.

“Not quite yet,” said the father. “I’ll take you up later.”

“I want to see where we are and where we’re going.”

“I want you to wait for a reason,” said the father.

He had been lying awake, turning this way and that, thinking of the abandoned gift, the problem of the season, the lost tree and the white candles. And at last, sitting up, no more than five minutes ago, he believed he had found a plan. He need only carry it out and the journey would be fine and joyous indeed.

“Son,” he said, “in exactly one half-hour it will be Christmas.”

“Oh,” said the mother, dismayed that he had mentioned it. Somehow she had rather hoped that the boy would forget.

The boy’s face grew feverish and his lips trembled. “I know, I know. Will I get a present, will I? Will I have a tree? Will I have a tree? You promised —“

“Yes, yes, all that, and more.” said the father.

The mother started. “But —“

“I mean it,” said the father. “I really mean it. All and more, much more. Excuse me, now. I’ll be back.”

He left them for about twenty minutes. When he came back, he was smiling. “Almost time.”

“Can I hold your watch?” asked the boy, and the watch was handed over and he held it ticking in his fingers as the rest of the hour drifted by in fire and silence and unfelt motion.

“It’s Christmas now! Christmas! Where’s my present?”

“Here we go,” said the father and took his boy by the shoulder and led him from the room, down the hall, up a rampway, his wife following.

“I don’t understand,” she kept saying.

“You will. Here we are,” said the father.

They had stopped at the closed door of a large cabin. The father tapped three times and then twice in a code. The door opened and the light in the cabin went out and there was a whisper of voices.

“Go on in, son,” said the father.

“It’s dark.”

“I’ll hold your hand. Come on, Mama.”

They stepped into the room and the door shut, and the room was very dark indeed. And before them loomed a great glass eye, the porthole, a window four feet high and six feet wide, from which they could look out into space.

The boy gasped.

Behind him, the father and the mother gasped with him, and then in the dark room some people began to sing.

“Merry Christmas, son,” said the father.

And the voices in the room sang the old, the familiar carols, and the boy moved slowly until his face was pressed against the cool glass of the port. And he stood there for a long, long time, just looking and looking out into space and the deep night at the burning and the burning of ten billion, billion white and lovely candles…

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=sn05bnrMDbo

Estudiante. Pablo Miranda.

Source.http://www.theimaginativeconservative.org/2011/12/gift-by-ray-bradbury.html
https://www.biography.com/people/ray-bradbury-9223240

(Nelson Rolihlahla Mandela, Mvezo, Transkei, 1918 - Johannesburg, 2013)

South African activist and politician who led the anti-apartheid movements and who, after a long struggle and 27 years in prison, presided over in 1994 the first government that put an end to the regime racist. The twentieth century left two world wars, the extermination camps and atomic terror, but also great champions of the fight against injustice, such as Mahatma Gandhi or Martin

Luther King. The last and most charismatic of them was Nelson Mandela.

Like any African child in rural areas, the childhood of Nelson Mandela was spent in games and in close contact with the traditions of his people. Son of the head of a tribe, he was called Rolihlahla, which means unruly, but at the age of seven, so that he could attend the Methodist school, he was baptized with the name of Nelson in the church of Transkei; already famous, his compatriots would call him Madiba, by the name of his clan.

Two years later, because of the death of his father, little Nelson was left in the care of his cousin, the great chief Jongintaba; with him who became fond of listening to the tribal chiefs and became aware of the sense of justice. When he was sixteen years old, he became part of the tribal council; three years later, in 1937, he entered the boarding school for blacks of Ford Hare to pursue higher education.

But when in 1941 he learned that Chief Jongintaba had arranged a marriage for him, Mandela decided to leave his village and left for Johannesburg. Poorly settled in the overpopulated suburb of Alexandra, shortly after arriving he met Walter Sisulu, with whom he established a friendship that would be decisive in all areas: it influenced his political ideas, helped him find work and finish his law studies and He introduced his cousin Evelyn Mase, with whom he would marry in 1944.

From jail to the presidency Prisoner for 27 years (1963-1990) in painful conditions, the government of South Africa rejected all requests that he be released. Nelson Mandela became a symbol of the struggle against apartheid inside and outside the country, in a legendary figure that represented the suffering and lack of freedom of all black South Africans. n 1984 the government tried to put an end to such an uncomfortable myth, offering him freedom if he accepted to establish himself in one of the Bantustans to whom the regime had granted a fiction of independence; Mandela refused the offer. During those years his wife Winnie symbolized the continuity of the struggle, reaching important positions in the African National Congress. Winnie's fervent activism was not exempt from scandals; Years later, already in the 90s, she would be involved in a controversial trial in which she was accused of murder, although she was acquitted.

Finally, Frederik De Klerk, president of the Republic for the National Party, had to yield to the evidence and open the way to dismantle racial segregation. In February 1990 he legalized the African National Congress and freed Mandela, who became his main interlocutor to negotiate the dismantling of apartheid and the transition to a multiracial democracy;   Despite the complexity of the process, both were able to successfully complete the negotiations. Mandela and De Klerk shared the Nobel Peace Prize in 1993.

The 1994 elections made Mandela the first black president of South Africa

(1994-1999); From that position he set in motion a policy of national reconciliation, keeping De Klerk as vice president and trying to attract the Zaku majority Inkhata party to the democratic participation. A film by American filmmaker Clint Eastwood, Invictus (2009), would reflect quite accurately the

Mandela of those years; his support for a national team made up of whites during the 1995 Rugby World Cup, held in South Africa, shows his commitment to integrate the white minority and the black majority using that sporting event and his firm will to build a nation for all South Africans, without distinction of race.

Mandela initiated the Reconstruction and Development Plan, which allocated large amounts of money to improve the living standards of black South Africans in matters such as education, housing, health or employment, and also promoted the drafting of a new constitution for the country, which was finally approved by parliament in 1996. A year later, the leadership of the African National Congress gave way to Thabo Mbeki, destined to become his successor in the presidency. In 1998, two years after she divorced Winnie, she married Graça Machel, widow of the former president of Mozambique, Samora Machel. Together with Archbishop Desmond Tutu, who presided over the Truth and Reconciliation Commission, Nelson Mandela presented the report with the conclusions of the Commission in June 1998. The size of the African leader was shown once again when, in the opinion of the African National Congress, he endorsed the conclusions of the report, which indicated not only the abuses and crimes of the segregationist regime, but also those committed by the various groups of the movements of the African liberation, including the African National Congress. Three months before the end of his term, Mandela announced that he did not intend to stand for re-election. He was succeeded by Thabo Mbeki, winner of the June 1999 elections.

Separated from political life since that year, he received multiple awards, although his health problems made his public appearances more and more sporadic. Despite his withdrawal, the fervor that Mandela aroused in his countrymen remained alive: in 2010 he was present at the World Cup soccer ceremonies in South Africa, and received the warm support of the crowd; In July 2013, when the leader was seriously ill, the South African population took to the streets to celebrate its 95th anniversary. Raised to the status of one of the most charismatic and influential characters of the twentieth century, his figure has entered history as an embodiment of the struggle for freedom and justice and as a symbol of an entire nation.

Tariler de la pelicula: /www.youtube.com/watch?v=pe5Ly7FIxgA 

SURCE: https://www.biografiasyvidas.com/biografia/m/mandela.htm

Estuadiantes: Gannina Casarino, Diego García, Angelina Delgado.